The 2015 “Survey of national scientific and technologic potential”, that still just has interim figures, total spending on R&D has been falling since 2011, when it was 1.46% of GDP.


In the others years, it was 1.37% (2012), 1.33% (2013) and 1.29% (2014) of the country’s GDP.


Most of the R&D in 2015 was conducted in companies (47%) and higher education establishments (46%).