Oslo was ranked as the most stressful city for drivers, followed by Lisbon in second, Milan in third, and finally London and Budapest in fourth and fifth place respectively.

The study methodology is based on measuring the heart rate of a typical driver on the streets of the city. This compares the heart rate at rest and when driving. The data was then cross-referenced with the opinions of motorists and motorcyclists in forums, where road conditions, parking, and other topics are discussed.

Driving in Lisbon was described as being “a challenge, given its hilly terrain and narrow streets in the historic centre. Also, along the main roads, traffic congestion can be one of the other problems”.

According to this ranking, Lisbon has a difference of 36 points between heart rate at rest and driving. However, for those looking for alternatives to private vehicles, “Lisbon offers an excellent network of buses, trams, and metro, as well as funiculars and elevators”.